1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Chirocaine 2.5 mg/ml solution for injection/concentrate for solution for infusion.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
One ml contains 2.5 mg levobupivacaine as levobupivacaine hydrochloride.
Each ampoule contains 25 mg in 10 ml.
Excipients: 3.6mg/ml of sodium per ampoule.
For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Solution for injection/concentrate for solution for infusion.
Clear colourless solution.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Adults
Surgical anaesthesia
- Major, e.g. epidural (including for caesarean section), intrathecal, peripheral nerve block.
- Minor, e.g. local infiltration, peribulbar block in ophthalmic surgery.
Pain management
- Continuous epidural infusion, single or multiple bolus epidural administration for the management of pain especially post-operative pain or labour analgesia.
Children
Analgesia (ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric blocks).
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Levobupivacaine should be administered only by, or under the supervision of, a clinician having the necessary training and experience.
The table below is a guide to dosage for the more commonly used blocks. For analgesia (e.g. epidural administration for pain management), the lower concentrations and doses are recommended. Where profound or prolonged anaesthesia is required with dense motor block (e.g. epidural or peribulbar block), the higher concentrations may be used. Careful aspiration before and during injection is recommended to prevent intravascular injection.
Aspiration should be repeated before and during administration of a bolus dose, which should be injected slowly and in incremental doses, at a rate of 7.5–30 mg/min, while closely observing the patient's vital functions and maintaining verbal contact.
If toxic symptoms occur, the injection should be stopped immediately.
Maximum dose
The maximum dosage must be determined by evaluating the size and physical status of the patient, together with the concentration of the agent and the area and route of administration. Individual variation in onset and duration of block does occur. Experience from clinical studies shows onset of sensory block adequate for surgery in 10-15 minutes following epidural administration, with a time to regression in the range of 6-9 hours.
The recommended maximum single dose is 150 mg.Where sustained motor and sensory block are required for a prolonged procedure, additional doses may be required. The maximum recommended dose during a 24 hour period is 400 mg. For post-operative pain management, the dose should not exceed 18.75 mg/hour.
Obstetrics
For caesarean section, higher concentrations than the 5.0 mg/ml solution should not be used (See section 4.3). The maximum recommended dose is 150 mg.
For labour analgesia by epidural infusion, the dose should not exceed 12.5 mg/hour.
Children
In children, the maximum recommended dose for analgesia (ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric blocks) is 1.25 mg/kg/side.
The safety and efficacy of levobupivacaine in children for other indications have not been established.
Special populations
Debilitated, elderly or acutely ill patients should be given reduced doses of levobupivacaine commensurate with their physical status.
In the management of post-operative pain, the dose given during surgery must be taken into account.
There are no relevant data in patients with hepatic impairment (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Table of Doses
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1 Levobupivacaine solution for injection/concentration for solution for infusion is available in 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg/ml solutions.
2 Spread over 5 minutes (see also text).
3 Given over 15-20 minutes.
4 In cases where levobupivacaine is combined with other agents e.g. opioids in pain management, the levobupivacaine dose should be reduced and use of a lower concentration (e.g. 1.25 mg/ml) is preferable.
5 The minimum recommended interval between intermittent injections is 15 minutes.
6 For information on dilution, see section 6.6.
4.3 Contraindications
General contra-indications related to regional anaesthesia, regardless of the local anaesthetic used, should be taken into account.
Levobupivacaine solutions are contra-indicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to levobupivacaine, local anaesthetics of the amide type or any of the excipients (see section 4.8).
Levobupivacaine solutions are contra-indicated for intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block).
Levobupivacaine solutions are contra-indicated in patients with severe hypotension such as cardiogenic or hypovolaemic shock.
Levobupivacaine solutions are contra-indicated for use in paracervical block in obstetrics (see section 4.6).
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
All forms of local and regional anaesthesia with levobupivacaine should be performed in well-equipped facilities and administered by staff trained and experienced in the required anaesthetic techniques and able to diagnose and treat any unwanted adverse effects that may occur.
Levobupivacaine can cause acute allergic reactions, cardiovascular effects and neurological damage, see section 4.8.
Levobupivacaine should be used with caution for regional anaesthesia in patients with impaired cardiovascular function e.g. serious cardiac arrhythmias.
The introduction of local anesthetics via either intrathecal or epidural administration into the central nervous system in patients with preexisting CNS diseases may potentially exacerbate some of these disease states. Therefore, clinical judgment should be exercised when contemplating epidural or intrathecal anesthesia in such patients.
This medicinal product contains 3.6 mg/ml sodium in the bag or ampoule solution to be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Epidural Anesthesia
During epidural administration of levobupivacaine, concentrated solutions (0.5-0.75%) should be administered in incremental doses of 3 to 5 ml with sufficient time between doses to detect toxic manifestations of unintentional intravascular or intrathecal injection. When a large dose is to be injected, e.g. in epidural block, a test dose of 3-5 ml lidocaine with adrenaline is recommended. An inadvertent intravascular injection may then be recognised by a temporary increase in heart rate and accidental intrathecal injection by signs of a spinal block.
Syringe aspirations should also be performed before and during each supplemental injection in continuous (intermittent) catheter techniques. An intravascular injection is still possible even if aspirations for blood are negative. During the administration of epidural anesthesia, it is recommended that a test dose be administered initially and the effects monitored before the full dose is given.
Epidural anaesthesia with any local anaesthetic may cause hypotension and bradycardia. All patients must have intravenous access established. The availability of appropriate fluids, vasopressors, anaesthetics with anticonvulsant properties, myorelaxants, and atropine, resuscitation equipment and expertise must be ensured (see section 4.9).
Major regional nerve blocks
The patient should have I.V. fluids running via an indwelling catheter to assure a functioning intravenous pathway. The lowest dosage of local anesthetic that results in effective anesthesia should be used to avoid high plasma levels and serious adverse effects. The rapid injection of a large volume of local anesthetic solution should be avoided and fractional (incremental) doses should be used when feasible.
Use in Head and Neck Area
Small doses of local anesthetics injected into the head and neck area, including retrobulbar, dental and stellate ganglion blocks, may produce adverse reactions similar to systemic toxicity seen with unintentional intravascular injections of larger doses. The injection procedures require the utmost care. Reactions may be due to intraarterial injection of the local anesthetic with retrograde flow to the cerebral circulation. They may also be due to puncture of the dural sheath of the optic nerve during retrobulbar block with diffusion of any local anesthetic along the subdural space to the midbrain. Patients receiving these blocks should have their circulation and respiration monitored and be constantly observed. Resuscitative equipment and personnel for treating adverse reactions should be immediately available.
Use in Ophthalmic Surgery
Clinicians who perform retrobulbar blocks should be aware that there have been reports of respiratory arrest following local anaesthetic injection. Prior to retrobulbar block, as with all other regional procedures, the immediate availability of equipment, drugs, and personnel to manage respiratory arrest or depression, convulsions, and cardiac stimulation or depression should be assured. As with other anesthetic procedures, patients should be constantly monitored following ophthalmic blocks for signs of these adverse reactions.
Special populations
Debilitated, elderly or acutely ill patients: levobupivacaine should be used with caution in debilitated, elderly or acutely ill patients (see section 4.2).
Hepatic impairment: since levobupivacaine is metabolised in the liver, it should be used cautiously in patients with liver disease or with reduced liver blood flow e.g. alcoholics or cirrhotics (see section 5.2).
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
In vitro studies indicate that the CYP3A4 isoform and CYP1A2 isoform mediate the metabolism of levobupivacaine. Although no clinical studies have been conducted, metabolism of levobupivacaine may be affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors eg: ketoconazole, and CYP1A2 inhibitors eg: methylxanthines.
Levobupivacaine should be used with caution in patients receiving anti-arrhythmic agents with local anaesthetic activity, e.g., mexiletine, or class III anti-arrhythmic agents since their toxic effects may be additive.
No clinical studies have been completed to assess levobupivacaine in combination with adrenaline.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
Levobupivacaine solutions are contraindicated for use in paracervical block in obstetrics. Based on experience with bupivacaine foetal bradycardia may occur following paracervical block (see section 4.3).
For levobupivacaine, there are no clinical data on first trimester-exposed pregnancies. Animal studies do not indicate teratogenic effects but have shown embryo-foetal toxicity at systemic exposure levels in the same range as those obtained in clinical use (see section 5.3). The potential risk for human is unknown. Levobupivacaine should therefore not be given during early pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Nevertheless, to date, the clinical experience of bupivacaine for obstetrical surgery (at the term of pregnancy or for delivery) is extensive and has not shown a foetotoxic effect.
Lactation
Levobupivacaine excretion in breast milk is unknown. However, levobupivacaine is likely to be poorly transmitted in the breast milk, as for bupivacaine. Thus breast feeding is possible after local anaesthesia.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Levobupivacaine can have a major influence on the ability to drive or use machines. Patients should be warned not to drive or operate machinery until all the effects of the anaesthesia and the immediate effects of surgery are passed.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The adverse drug reactions for Chirocaine are consistent with those known for its respective class of medicinal products. The most commonly reported adverse drug reactions are hypotension, nausea, anaemia, vomiting, dizziness, headache, pyrexia, procedural pain, back pain and foetal distress syndrome in obstetric use (see table below).
Adverse reactions reported either spontaneously or observed in clinical trials are depicted in the following table. Within each system organ class, the adverse drug reactions are ranked under headings of frequency, using the following convention: very common (
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Adverse reactions with local anaesthetics of the amide type are rare, but they may occur as a result of overdosage or unintentional intravascular injection and may be serious.
Cross-sensitivity among members of the amide-type local anesthetic group have been reported (see section 4.3).
Accidental intrathecal injection of local anaesthetics can lead to very high spinal anaesthesia.
Cardiovascular effects are related to depression of the conduction system of the heart and a reduction in myocardial excitability and contractility. Usually these will be preceded by major CNS toxicity, i.e. convulsions, but in rare cases, cardiac arrest may occur without prodromal CNS effects.
Neurological damage is a rare but well recognised consequence of regional and particularly epidural and spinal anaesthesia. It may be due to direct injury to the spinal cord or spinal nerves, anterior spinal artery syndrome, injection of an irritant substance or an injection of a non-sterile solution. These may result in localised areas of paraesthesia or anaesthesia, motor weakness, loss of sphincter control and paraplegia. Rarely, these may be permanent.
4.9 Overdose
Accidental intravascular injection of local anaesthetics may cause immediate toxic reactions. In the event of overdose, peak plasma concentrations may not be reached until 2 hours after administration depending upon the injection site and, therefore, signs of toxicity may be delayed. The effects of the drug may be prolonged.
Systemic adverse reactions following overdose or accidental intravascular injection reported with long acting local anaesthetic agents involve both CNS and cardiovascular effects.
CNS Effects
Convulsions should be treated immediately with intravenous thiopentone or diazepam titrated as necessary. Thiopentone and diazepam also depress central nervous system, respiratory and cardiac function. Therefore their use may result in apnoea. Neuro-muscular blockers may be used only if the clinician is confident of maintaining a patent airway and managing a fully paralysed patient.
If not treated promptly, convulsions with subsequent hypoxia and hypercarbia plus myocardial depression from the effects of the local anaesthetic on the heart, may result in cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest.
Cardiovascular Effects
Hypotension may be prevented or attenuated by pre-treatment with a fluid load and/or the use of vasopressors. If hypotension occurs it should be treated with intravenous crystalloids or colloids and/or incremental doses of a vasopressor such as ephedrine 5-10 mg. Any coexisting causes of hypotension should be rapidly treated.
If severe bradycardia occurs, treatment with atropine 0.3-1.0 mg will normally restore the heart rate to an acceptable level.
Cardiac arrhythmia should be treated as required and ventricular fibrillation should be treated by cardioversion.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Local anaesthetics, amide
ATC Code N01B B10
Levobupivacaine is a long acting local anaesthetic and analgesic. It blocks nerve conduction in sensory and motor nerves largely by interacting with voltage sensitive sodium channels on the cell membrane, but also potassium and calcium channels are blocked. In addition, levobupivacaine interferes with impulse transmission and conduction in other tissues where effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems are most important for the occurrence of clinical adverse reactions.
The dose of levobupivacaine is expressed as base, whereas, in the racemate bupivacaine the dose is expressed as hydrochloride salt. This gives rise to approximately 13% more active substance in levobupivacaine solutions compared to bupivacaine. In clinical studies at the same nominal concentrations levobupivacaine showed similar clinical effect to bupivacaine.
In a clinical pharmacology study using the ulnar nerve block model, levobupivacaine was equipotent with bupivacaine.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
In human studies, the distribution kinetics of levobupivacaine following i.v. administration are essentially the same as bupivacaine. The plasma concentration of levobupivacaine following therapeutic administration depends on dose and, as absorption from the site of administration is affected by the vascularity of the tissue, on route of administration.
There are no relevant data in patients with hepatic impairment (see section 4.4).
There are no data in patients with renal impairment. Levobupivacaine is extensively metabolised and unchanged levobupivacaine is not excreted in urine.
Plasma protein binding of levobupivacaine in man was evaluated in vitro and was found to be> 97% at concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 μg/ml.
In a clinical pharmacology study where 40 mg levobupivacaine was given by intravenous administration, the mean half-life was approximately 80 + 22 minutes, Cmax 1.4 + 0.2 μg/ml and AUC 70 + 27 μg•min/ml.
The mean Cmax and AUC(0-24h) of levobupivacaine were approximately dose-proportional following epidural administration of 75 mg (0.5%) and 112.5 mg (0.75%) and following doses of 1 mg/kg (0.25%) and 2 mg/kg (0.5%) used for brachial plexus block. Following epidural administration of 112.5 mg (0.75%) the mean Cmax and AUC values were 0.58 µg/ml and 3.56µg•h/ml respectively.
The mean total plasma clearance and terminal half-life of levobupivacaine after intravenous infusion were 39 litres/hour and 1.3 hours, respectively. The volume of distribution after intravenous administration was 67 litres.
Levobupivacaine is extensively metabolised with no unchanged levobupivacaine detected in urine or faeces. 3-hydroxylevobupivacaine, a major metabolite of levobupivacaine, is excreted in the urine as glucuronic acid and sulphate ester conjugates. In vitro studies showed that CYP3A4 isoform and CYP1A2 isoform mediate the metabolism of levobupivacaine to desbutyl-levobupivacaine and 3-hydroxylevobupivacaine respectively.These studies indicate that the metabolism of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine are similar.
Following intravenous administration, recovery of levobupivacaine was quantitative with a mean total of about 95% being recovered in urine (71%) and faeces (24%) in 48 hours.
There is no evidence of in vivo racemisation of levobupivacaine.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
In an embryo-foetal toxicity study in rats, an increased incidence of dilated renal pelvis, dilated ureters, olfactory ventricle dilatation and extra thoraco-lumbar ribs was observed at systemic exposure levels in the same range as those obtained at clinical use. There were no treatment-related malformations.
Levobupivacaine was not genotoxic in a standard battery of assays for mutagenicity and clastogenicity. No carcinogenicity testing has been conducted.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Water for Injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
Levobupivacaine may precipitate if diluted with alkaline solutions and should not be diluted or co-administered with sodium bicarbonate injections. This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf Life
Shelf life as packaged for sale: 3 years
Shelf life after first opening: The product should be used immediately
Shelf life after dilution in sodium chloride solution 0.9%: Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 7 days at 20-22°C. Chemical and physical in-use stability with clonidine, morphine or fentanyl has been demonstrated for 40 hours at 20-22°C.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Polypropylene ampoules: polypropylene ampoules do not require any special storage conditions.
For storage conditions of the reconstituted medicinal product, see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Chirocaine is available in two presentations;
10 ml polypropylene ampoule in packs of 5, 10 & 20
10 ml polypropylene ampoule, in sterile blister packs of 5, 10 & 20
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
For single use only. Discard any unused solution.
The solution/dilution should be inspected visually prior to use. Only clear solutions without visible particles should be used.
A sterile blister container should be chosen when a sterile ampoule surface is required. Ampoule surface is not sterile if sterile blister is pierced.
Dilutions of levobupivacaine standard solutions should be made with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection using aseptic techniques.
Clonidine 8.4 μg/ml, morphine 0.05 mg/ml and fentanyl 4 μg/ml have been shown to be compatible with levobupivacaine in sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Abbott Laboratories Ltd
Abbott House
Vanwall Business Park
Vanwall Road
Maidenhead
Berkshire
SL6 4XE
United Kingdom
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 00037/0300
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 06 January 2000
Date of last renewal: 18th December 2008
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
02nd July 2010
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